For collectors and numismatists alike, the 1889 Indian Head Penny represents a fascinating piece of American coinage history. With certain examples commanding prices well into the thousands of dollars, understanding the nuanced factors that impact this coin’s value is essential. A recent auction saw an 1889 Indian Head Penny in pristine MS67+ condition sell for an impressive $9,400, highlighting the extraordinary potential these coins hold for serious collectors.
Introduction & Value Overview
The 1889 Indian Head Penny continues to be one of the more actively collected issues from the long-running Indian Head cent series designed by James Barton Longacre. Struck during the late Victorian era, these copper coins offer an accessible yet historically significant entry point for numismatists. While common circulated examples can be obtained for relatively modest sums, exceptional specimens and those with errors or varieties can command substantial premiums.
Essential ID Data:
- Denomination: One cent
- Designer: James Barton Longacre
- Production years: 1889 (part of series 1859-1909)
- Composition: 95% copper, 5% tin and zinc
The 1889 Indian Head Penny generally ranges in value from $2-$10 for well-worn circulated examples to $200-$9,400+ for uncirculated specimens, depending on condition, mint mark, and the presence of valuable errors or varieties. The most significant value factors include grade, strike quality, presence of the rare proof issues, and several notable die varieties that serious collectors pursue.
This comprehensive guide examines all aspects that influence the 1889 Indian Head Penny’s value, including technical specifications, mint mark analysis, detailed pricing across various grades, significant error varieties, and authentication guidance to help you accurately assess the worth of your coins.
Technical Specifications & Key Identifiers
Understanding the technical aspects of the 1889 Indian Head Penny is essential for proper authentication and value assessment.
Specifications Table
| Feature | Specification |
|---|---|
| Weight | 3.11 grams |
| Diameter | 19.0 mm |
| Composition | 95% copper, 5% tin and zinc |
| Edge Type | Plain (smooth) |
| Designer | James Barton Longacre |
| Obverse Design | Native American portrait facing left wearing feathered headdress with “LIBERTY” displayed on headband |
| Reverse Design | “ONE CENT” surrounded by an oak wreath with a shield at top |
Authentication Markers
When authenticating an 1889 Indian Head Penny, pay particular attention to these diagnostic features:
- The feathers in the headdress should show distinct separation with clear definition between individual feathers
- The diamond shapes below “LIBERTY” on the headband should be clearly defined
- The ribbon ties at the base of the neck should show proper detail
- Surface texture should display the characteristic “orange peel” effect common to genuine Indian Head cents
- Edge should be perfectly round with a plain (smooth) finish
Design Elements
The obverse features Lady Liberty wearing a Native American headdress with “LIBERTY” inscribed on the headband. The date appears at the bottom with stars surrounding the portrait. The reverse displays “ONE CENT” encircled by an oak wreath with a small shield at the top and “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” around the perimeter.
The quality of strike is particularly important for the 1889 issue, as many examples show weakness in the diamonds on the headband and the feather tips. Specimens with full strike command significant premiums.
Designer Information
James Barton Longacre served as Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint from 1844 until his death in 1869. While the 1889 coins were struck two decades after his passing, his original design remained intact. Longacre’s Indian Head design has been subject to criticism for its portrayal of Liberty in Native American headdress rather than depicting an actual Native American, a design choice that reflects 19th-century artistic conventions rather than cultural accuracy.
Mint Mark Guide & Value Comparison
Mint Mark Locations
The 1889 Indian Head Penny was produced at only one mint location – Philadelphia. As was customary for coins minted in Philadelphia during this era, these cents do not bear a mint mark. Any 1889 Indian Head Penny claiming to have a mint mark should immediately be considered suspicious and warrant careful authentication.
Mintage Figures
| Mint Location | Mintage | Mint Mark |
|---|---|---|
| Philadelphia | 48,869,361 | None |
| Philadelphia (Proof) | 3,336 | None |
The relatively high business strike mintage makes the 1889 Indian Head Penny generally available to collectors in circulated conditions. However, the limited proof mintage of just 3,336 coins makes these special strikes particularly valuable, especially in gem condition.
Current Market Values By Grade
The value of an 1889 Indian Head Penny varies dramatically based on its condition. Below is a comprehensive breakdown of current market values across key grades:
| Grade | Description | Value Range |
|---|---|---|
| G4 (Good) | Heavy wear, major details visible | $2 – $3 |
| VG8 (Very Good) | Well-worn with clear rim and partial detail | $3 – $5 |
| F12 (Fine) | Moderate wear, all major features distinct | $4 – $6 |
| VF20 (Very Fine) | Light wear, most details sharp | $8 – $12 |
| XF40 (Extremely Fine) | Minimal wear on high points | $20 – $30 |
| AU50 (About Uncirculated) | Slight wear, at least 50% luster | $40 – $55 |
| AU58 (Choice AU) | Minimal wear, nearly full luster | $60 – $75 |
| MS60 (Uncirculated) | No wear but may have contact marks | $85 – $100 |
| MS63 (Choice Uncirculated) | Sharp strike with few flaws | $150 – $200 |
| MS65 (Gem Uncirculated) | Exceptional strike with minimal marks | $450 – $550 |
| MS67 (Superb Gem) | Nearly perfect with exceptional eye appeal | $2,000 – $4,500 |
| MS67+ | Virtually flawless | $7,000 – $9,500 |
| PR63 (Choice Proof) | Mirror-like proof with few marks | $475 – $600 |
| PR65 (Gem Proof) | Exceptional mirror surface | $1,200 – $1,500 |
| PR67 (Superb Gem Proof) | Nearly perfect proof | $3,500 – $5,000+ |
Price Trend Analysis
The 1889 Indian Head Penny has shown steady appreciation over the past decade, with particularly strong growth in high-grade uncirculated specimens. MS65 examples have increased approximately 20% in value over the past five years, while truly exceptional MS67 and MS67+ coins have seen even greater percentage gains due to their extreme rarity and growing demand from registry set collectors.
The investment potential is most pronounced in the MS64 to MS66 range, where coins remain somewhat attainable while still offering significant upside potential. Proof examples have likewise shown strong performance, especially those with original “red” copper coloration or attractive toning.
Condition Impact
The jump in value between grades is particularly significant for this issue:
- The value increase from AU58 to MS63 represents approximately a 166% premium
- The jump from MS65 to MS67 represents a stunning 700% increase
- Original red color can add a 30-100% premium to uncirculated coins
Key Auction Records
Several notable auction results highlight the potential value of exceptional 1889 Indian Head Pennies:
- A PCGS MS67+ Red example sold for $9,400 at Heritage Auctions in 2022
- A PCGS PR67+ Deep Cameo specimen realized $8,812 at Stack’s Bowers in 2021
- A PCGS MS67 Red with CAC approval brought $4,700 at Legend Rare Coin Auctions in 2020
Major Error Types & Their Values
While the 1889 Indian Head Penny is not known for abundant error varieties compared to some other issues, several significant errors do exist and command substantial premiums.
Off-Center Strikes
Off-center strikes occur when the planchet is improperly positioned during striking. For 1889 Indian Head Pennies:
- 10% off-center: $150-$250
- 20% off-center: $300-$500
- 50% off-center (with date visible): $1,000-$1,800
Authentication tip: Examine the rim to ensure the error is genuine and not post-mint damage. Authentic off-center strikes will show proper denticles where the design is struck.
Doubled Dies
While not as dramatic as some other years, the 1889 Indian Head Penny does have several doubled die varieties:
1889 Doubled Die Obverse
Most noticeable in the “LIBERTY” on the headband and in the date. Current market values:
- VF: $75-$125
- XF: $150-$225
- AU: $300-$450
- MS60-63: $600-$1,200
Authentication tip: Use magnification to examine the doubling on the letters of “LIBERTY” which should show consistent doubling throughout rather than just on certain portions.
Clipped Planchets
Clipped planchet errors occur when the coin blank is incompletely punched from the metal strip:
- Straight clip: $75-$150
- Curved clip: $100-$200
- Multiple clips: $250-$400+
Authentication tip: Genuine clips will exhibit the distinctive “Blakesley Effect” where the metal flows toward the missing portion during striking.
Wrong Planchet Errors
Extremely rare for the 1889 issue, these occur when a cent is struck on a planchet intended for another denomination:
- On foreign planchet: $2,000-$5,000+
- On U.S. three-cent nickel planchet: $3,000-$7,000+
Authentication tip: Weight and composition analysis is essential for verifying these rare error types.
Die Varieties & Doubled Dies
Several notable die varieties exist for the 1889 Indian Head Penny that command significant premiums among specialized collectors.
1889 Repunched Date Varieties
1889/9 Snow-1 (RPD-001)
Features clear repunching visible at the base of the second 8 and first 9:
- VF: $40-$60
- XF: $75-$100
- AU: $150-$200
- MS60-63: $250-$400
Authentication markers: Look for distinct doubling at the base of the second 8 and first 9, visible under 5x magnification.
1889/888 Snow-3 (RPD-003)
Shows traces of previous 8 digits underneath the 889:
- VF: $75-$125
- XF: $150-$250
- AU: $300-$500
- MS60-63: $600-$1,000
Authentication markers: Multiple repunchings visible under the 889, requires 10x magnification for proper attribution.
Misplaced Date Varieties
1889 MPD-001
Shows digits partially punched into the denticles:
- VF: $30-$60
- XF: $75-$125
- AU: $150-$250
- MS: $300-$600
Authentication markers: Look for portions of digits visibly punched into the denticles below the regular date position.
Rarity Ranking
Among 1889 Indian Head Penny varieties, the rarity order from most common to most rare is:
- RPD-001 (relatively available)
- MPD-001 (moderately scarce)
- RPD-003 (quite scarce)
- Wrong planchet errors (extremely rare)
The RPD-003 variety represents the most valuable of the commonly encountered die varieties, with uncirculated examples commanding significant premiums among specialized collectors.
Grading Guide For Value Assessment
Proper grading is critical for accurate value assessment of 1889 Indian Head Pennies, as small differences in condition can translate to substantial differences in value.
Grade-Specific Value Impacts
- Good to Fine (G4-F12): Look for clear date and “LIBERTY” on headband. At these grades, the feather details will be heavily worn. Even in these lower grades, original brown color without corrosion adds value.
- Very Fine to Extremely Fine (VF20-XF45): The diamonds on the headband become increasingly important. Complete diamonds command premiums. Feather tips should show some definition.
- About Uncirculated (AU50-AU58): Slight wear should be visible only on the highest points—typically the cheek, the first few feathers, and the ribbon. Luster retention is critical for value in these grades.
- Mint State (MS60-MS70): Strike quality becomes paramount. Look for full definition in the diamonds on the headband, complete feather tips, and sharp details in the ribbon ties. For MS65 and above, exceptional eye appeal and minimal contact marks are essential.
Key Grading Points
When examining an 1889 Indian Head Penny for grading purposes, focus on:
- Headband diamonds: The clarity and completeness of the diamond shapes in the headband is a primary indicator of grade
- Feather tips: The definition of the tips of the feathers in the headdress
- Cheek area: One of the first areas to show wear
- “LIBERTY”: Clarity and completeness of these letters
- Hair details: Definition in the curls behind the neck
Strike Quality Factors
The 1889 issue is known for occasional weakness in the diamond details of the headband and feather tips. Specimens with full strikes in these areas can command 20-40% premiums over typical examples in the same numerical grade.
Problem Areas
Common issues that significantly reduce the value of 1889 Indian Head Pennies include:
- Environmental damage: Green spots, porosity from improper storage
- Cleaning: Harsh cleaning that removes original surface and produces unnatural shine
- Rim damage: Nicks, dents or damage to the rim
- Corrosion: Especially problematic on copper coins like these
- Improper storage toning: Uneven or unattractive coloration from poor storage conditions
A coin with any of these problems may be worth 30-70% less than a problem-free example in the same grade.
Authentication & Counterfeit Detection
The 1889 Indian Head Penny has been subject to various counterfeiting attempts over the years, requiring careful authentication for higher-grade examples.
Counterfeit Warning Signs
- Weight discrepancies: Authentic coins should weigh very close to 3.11 grams
- Improper metal flow: Counterfeits often lack the natural metal flow patterns of struck coins
- Mushy details: Look for loss of fine details, particularly in the feathers and hair
- Incorrect font characteristics: The date and lettering should match other authentic examples
- Seams or casting marks: Evidence of casting rather than striking
Weight and Measurement Tests
An authentic 1889 Indian Head Penny should measure 19.0mm in diameter and weigh approximately 3.11 grams. Variation of more than 0.1 gram or 0.3mm warrants further investigation.
Design Element Inspection
Under magnification, examine these often-missed details:
- The incuse “L” on Liberty’s ribbon should be properly formed
- The oak leaves on the reverse wreath should show natural variation and detail
- The shield at the top of the wreath should display clear vertical striping
Modern Counterfeits
Recent counterfeit threats include:
- Chinese-made replicas sold as “collectible copies” that later have the word “COPY” removed
- Cast counterfeits with added artificial toning to hide surface issues
- Altered dates from more common years in the series
Authentication Resources
For verification of valuable specimens, consider:
- Professional grading services like PCGS, NGC, or ANACS
- Specialized die variety attribution services
- The Counterfeit Detection guide published by CONECA
- XRF analysis for composition verification on suspicious examples
Collector Strategy & Value Acquisition
Value-Based Collecting Approaches
Best value entry points: For collectors seeking the best value proposition, focus on:
- AU50-AU58 examples with original color and no significant problems
- MS62-MS63 specimens that are just below the premium grade thresholds
- Moderately circulated examples of the RPD-001 variety which offers variety premium at accessible price points
Quality vs. quantity strategies:
- Type collectors: A single high-quality example in XF or better condition represents the date adequately
- Variety specialists: Pursue all known die varieties in moderate grades (VF-AU)
- Condition census pursuers: Focus exclusively on gems (MS65+) for long-term appreciation potential
Investment-grade acquisition tips:
- CAC-approved coins in MS64 and above have shown stronger price appreciation
- Original “red” and “red-brown” examples command significant premiums and greater long-term potential
- Third-party graded examples from major services provide the most stable value retention
Where To Buy
For authentic 1889 Indian Head Pennies at fair market prices, consider:
- Major auction houses for investment-grade examples (Heritage, Stack’s Bowers, Legend)
- Established dealer networks with return privileges and guarantees
- Major coin shows where multiple dealers can be compared
- Online marketplaces with buyer protection, though exercise caution and focus on sellers with strong feedback and return policies
Avoid:
- Ungraded “raw” coins from unknown sellers unless you have strong attribution skills
- “Bargain” high-grade examples that seem too good to be true
- Artificially toned or “enhanced” specimens
When To Sell
Market timing considerations for 1889 Indian Head Pennies:
- Indian Head cents typically experience strong demand during market upswings in the overall coin market
- Major auction appearances of exceptional examples often create temporary increased interest in the date
- January-February (before tax season) and September-October often represent stronger selling periods
Storage For Value Preservation
To maintain condition and value:
- Use inert, PVC-free holders for raw coins
- Avoid handling unprotected coins; use cotton gloves when necessary
- Store in temperature and humidity-controlled environments
- For third-party graded examples, keep the holders clean and scratch-free
- Consider long-term conservation-grade storage for investment pieces
Expert FAQ & Value Conclusion
Key Value Questions
What makes an 1889 Indian Head Penny valuable? The most valuable 1889 Indian Head Pennies combine exceptional grade (MS65+ or PR65+), full strikes with complete details, original “red” or attractive natural toning, and problem-free surfaces. Certain die varieties like the 1889/888 RPD can add significant premiums. The proof issues, with just 3,336 struck, represent some of the most valuable examples when found in gem condition with cameo contrast.
Which 1889 Indian Head Penny errors are worth the most? Wrong planchet errors, where the cent was struck on a planchet intended for another denomination, command the highest premiums among error types. Significant off-center strikes (40-50%) with the date visible are also highly prized. Among die varieties, the 1889/888 Snow-3 commands the strongest premiums, especially in uncirculated grades.
How do mint marks affect 1889 Indian Head Penny values? The 1889 Indian Head Penny was only produced at the Philadelphia mint and therefore bears no mint mark. Any 1889 Indian Head Penny purporting to have a mint mark would be either altered or counterfeit. The San Francisco and Denver mints did not produce Indian Head cents in 1889.
Value Summary
The 1889 Indian Head Penny represents a relatively accessible date in the series for circulated examples, with well-worn pieces available from $2-$10. The value increases substantially with grade, with choice uncirculated red examples commanding hundreds or even thousands of dollars. Proof issues and major varieties add another dimension for specialized collectors, with the finest examples regularly bringing strong four-figure sums at auction.
Market Outlook
The market for high-grade 1889 Indian Head Pennies remains robust, with particular strength in the MS65 and above category where population reports show relatively few surviving examples. The growing popularity of registry set collecting continues to drive demand for top-population coins. For average circulated examples, values remain stable with modest growth reflecting the coin’s intrinsic copper value and steady collector demand.
Final Collector Advice
When pursuing 1889 Indian Head Pennies, prioritize original surfaces and natural color over numerical grade alone. For investment purposes, focus on the highest grade you can afford with problem-free surfaces and strong eye appeal. For variety collectors, the 1889/888 repunched date represents the most significant pursuit for this year. Always verify the authenticity of high-value examples through third-party grading services, and take time to study the series before making significant purchases.
The 1889 Indian Head Penny continues to be a staple of 19th-century American numismatics, offering collectors at all levels an accessible yet historically significant treasure with genuine investment potential at the higher grades.